英语考研笔记
商业经济类 篇一
句一：When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet.
知识点一
When it comes to… 当人们提到…时，
1. reading
- 用于开头段：when it comes to 主题（甚至可以直接抄题目），opinions differ / vary. Some may assert that 观点1, others , however, appear to argue that 观点2, I am strongly convinced that 我的观点.
- I am strongly convinced that … 被动语法（加分）
- convince 使相信
- convincing 令人信服的
- convincing argument 令人信服的观点
- lame argument 跛脚的观点
- far less convincing 说服力不足
- The argument of China used to be far less convincing that of America, but no longer. It’s now much more convincing.
- much more convincing 有说服力
- whenever it comes to…. 无论何时人们提到…时，进阶用法
- 提出观点的动词：认为，主张
- argue
- assert
- claim
- hold
- contend
- 可以用于修饰的情态动词等
- may / might
- have to / must
- ought to / should
- can / could
- tend to
- seem to
- appear to
- 开头段拓展：while many tend to hold that 观点1, others might contend that 观点2.
- while 句子1, 与之对立的句子2.
- while用于连接两个相互对立的句子，完形填空会考
知识点二
the slowing economy 减速的经济
the economy is slowing
slow down 放慢速度
slowdown 减速
breakdown 崩溃
cooling 降温
softening 疲软
阅读中的考法
补充：
一：下跌
- slowing
- slow（速度）下降
- 只要考，后面就跟着economy
- falling 日益下降的
- fall -> fell -> fallen （数量）下降
- fall rapidly 骤减
- the rural population fell rapidly from 1990 to 2010.
- the fall of an apple 苹果的落下
- falling costs 日益下跌的支出/花费
- falling communication and transportation 日益下跌的通讯量和交通量
- fading 逐渐消失的
- fade 逐渐消失；褪色
- the fading competitiveness of US economy 美国经济逐渐消失的竞争力
- fading distinction between socialism and capitalism 资本主义与社会主义逐步消失的差距
- passing fad 昙花一现的东西
- 不用强行追求单个词的意思，正如龌龊一词，不需要知道单个字的意思
- the net is not just a passing pad.
- declining 逐步衰退
- decline v. 衰退，走下坡路；不表示速度下降
- global economic decline 全球经济衰退
- moral decline 道德衰退
- on the decline 走下坡路
- While America is on the decline, China is on the rise. 美国正在走下坡路，中国正在走上坡路
- a decline industry 走下坡路的行业
- auto industry 汽车行业
- textile industry 纺织行业
- banking industry 银行行业(未走下坡路, 只是正在改革整顿)
二：增长
rising 日益上涨的
rise->rose->risen
rising concern 越来越担忧/关切
Rising concern, fortunately, has been given today to such an unsettling phenomenon. 今天，人们越来越关注这种令人不安的现象。
- settle v. 确定
growing 逐渐增长的
- growing attention = rising concern
- the growing competitiveness of emerging economies 新兴经济体与日俱增的竞争力
- emerging countries 新兴国家
- emerge v. 出现
- a growing number of students / youngsters / Chinese / cities / parents
- a growing number of…… 越来越多的……
- 同义用法
- ……in mounting numbers **越来越多的……**（后置定语形态）
- 反义:fading
soaring 激增的
- soar v. 激增
- soaring home prices 激增的房价
- soaring health budget 激增的医疗卫生支出
- health 医疗卫生；健康
- WHO 世界卫生组织
- Health Institution
- budget:支出
increasing 逐渐上升的
- an increasing number of …. 越来越多的……
take off 起飞，激增
三
- budget = spending = cost = expense = expenditure 支出，花费，开销
知识点三
Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet.
- 题一的考点
- can hardly = can not 几乎不能
- maintain one’s business 维持生意
- be engaged in …… 忙于 ……
- engage 从事
- I’m too much engaged in my study. 我学习太投入了
- desperate 绝望的
- in a desperate situation = in despair 在极其糟糕的状况
- despair n. 绝望
- inspire v. 激励
- spirit n. 精神
- spur n./v. 刺激（物）；鞭策
- grow out of one’s bad habit 摆脱了坏习惯
- form / develop new habits 养成新习惯
- not … just yet 尚未，还没有
- Some aren’t realized the severity of the situation. 一些人尚未意识到形势的严峻。
- severity n. （形势的）严峻，严重
- bite ones nails = scratch one‘s head 引申词义：不知所措，束手无策
句二：But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting , filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either.
知识点一
最终简化结果：But she isn’t cutting as many nails as she’d like to,either 但是她正在剪的指甲没有她想要剪的那么多
句三：Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up.
知识点一
- client
- 超纲词汇
- …., but…. 句式：前后对比
- 找到前后的类似同义词 customer
- client = customer = shopper = buyer 顾客，客户
- writing笔记
- 多变化
- 词汇多变化
- 例：图画：cartoon, picture, sketch, image, drawing, illustration
- 句式多变化
- 基本句式
- 基本格式：主谓…
- 基本句型都能转换成长难句（3大类，14小种）
- 大类一：插入语
- 大类二：引导性成分，主语前逗号
- 从句
- 短语
- -ed…
- -ing…
- To …
- adj….
- Prep…
- 独立主格结构
- 副词
- Indeed,
- However,
- Therefore,
- Likewise,
- Unfortunately,
- Historically,
- 大类三：句后加逗号
- 大类三：句后无逗号
- 特殊句式
- 标点多变化
- longtime customer 常客
- show up 出现，露面
- Most of the candidate for examination get up early in the morning; As soon as they wake up, they show up in the recitation room
- get up 起床
- wake up 醒来
- the recitation room 自习室
句四：Spero blames the softening economy.“I’m a good economic indicator,” she says.“I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.”
知识点一
- blame = owe … to … = attribute … to … 归咎于，埋怨…
- The police attribute / owe the accident to pooler weather conditions. 警方将这场事故归因于糟糕的天气原因
- The driver blamed poor weather conditions, but the police disagreed with it.
- The authorities attribute / owe the success of China to the superiority of socialism.
- superiority 优越感；优越性（中性词）
- socialism 社会主义
- ==直接引语的使用==
- Reading
- 引号内的内容属于论据，用于支持论点，不太需要读也不大会考
- 通常不读，直接跳过，除非出现在段首
- Writing
- 创造条件用引语
- “XXX.(评论现象) ” notes Dr.XXX 47-year-old sociology professor in Fudan University. 瞎编博士评论.
- “XXX.” Says Bai Yansong, a renowned / well-known host of CCTV. (评分：直接引语，倒装，同位语)
知识点一
So Spero is downscaling, shopping at…
主句，-ing…
- 短语做补充说明
- 一个主语做了两个动作以上的时候，要么用连接词连接，要么直接将除其中一个动词做谓语，其他动词全部改成不定式。
- Getting up early, she went to the airplane in a hurry this morning.
- She got up early, going to the airport hurriedly this morning
- 句子组成顺序应该是具有一定的逻辑性的，例如时间顺序或其他顺序
downscale 规模缩减
middle-brow 中档的
suburban 郊区的
- suburb n. 郊区
- urban adj. 城市的
- rural adj.农村的
department store
背单词还是要将单词放进句子里放进篇章里背，才能长久的记住单词，干脆把整篇文章记下来！——商志
引号内不需要看懂，直接略过 ——商志
句六：Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves
段落中的作用：总论
知识点一
Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling
引导成分，并非主句，做修饰用，一般引导语句不需要看，不看也不影响考试做题
- even before 即使在……之前
- ==even 即使==
- even after 即使在……之后
- even when 即使在……的时候
- even when she was only six, the girl shows off her marvelous intelligence.
- Alan Greenspan 艾伦·格林斯潘
- the chairman of the US Federal Reserve 美联储主席
- Federal 联邦
- Reserve n./v. 储备
- 管理美元金融系统
- 影响全世界的经济
- 在文中即用于表示官方
- admission n. 承认
知识点二
lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves
许多工作的人们自己也已经发现了经济减速的许多迹象
folk 人群
- many people = many folks = many
sign 标志
- signs of acceleration 加速的迹象
- signs of slowdown 减速的迹象
- signs of recovery 复苏的迹象
- snow is a good sign of a new good year. 瑞雪兆丰年
- 延伸
- signal 信号
- bus 巴士
- subway 地铁
themselves
只是想记住反身代词的复数形式
句七：From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.
段落中的作用：第一个分论点
知识点一：
No learning, no earning.
客观积极的谈论钱，才是健康的家庭。
该花费的钱，省着只可能是错过机会。
- **sales have been lagging for months ** 主句，最重要的部分
句八：For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time
段落中的作用：第二个分论点
知识点一
For retailers
- for sb. 对某人来说
- retailer 零售商
- wholesaler 批发商
知识点二
who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas
- 翻译：在感恩节和圣诞节期间挣了他们一年24%的收入
- take in 挣钱 = earn
- revenue
知识点三
the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time
句八：Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace.
段落中的作用：第三个分论点
知识点一
- 翻译：专家说，和去年相比，假日销售额**减少了7%**。
- holiday sales 旅游行业的销售额 饭店、酒店、旅游、公共交通
- last year’s pace 去年的这段时间
知识点二
- 整一段是一个总分结构
- 多个句子，一个意思，可以标记后直接省略分论点，能够快速提高阅读速度。
句九：But don’t sound any alarms just yet
知识点一：
- not … just yet. 尚未
- sound any alarms 响起警报
- sound n. 声音 v. 听起来 adj. 很棒
- sound like v. 听起来像…
- ==physically sound but intellectually poor 身体很好，但在脑力上不行。==
- environmentally sound 环境很棒
- cognitively sound 认知能力优秀
- alarm n. 警报
- alert n. 警觉
- warning 警示，警告
- warn sb of sth 提醒某人注意某事
- warn us of possible accident.
男儿当自强。
句十：Consumers seem mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
知识点一
知识点二
知识点三
- even as they do some modest belt-tightening. 即使当他们稍加勒紧腰带的时候
- even as= even when 即使当….时
- do some belt-tightening 勒紧腰带
- modest adj. 一般的，中等的；谦逊的
- the poor / modestly / highly educated 受过 低等/中等/高等 教育的人
- tighten 束紧，抓紧
- tighten the legal control over the press 抓紧对新闻媒体的法律控制
- tighten the belt 勒紧腰带
句十一: Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.
知识点一
知识点二
- fortune 财产，财富
- fame and fortune 名利
- make one’s fortune 发财
- feel pretty good 感觉很好
句十二：Home prices are holding steady in most regions
知识点一
句十三： In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says John Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker
知识点一
- In XXX 在…地方
- 此处明显是分论据，若出题在分论据中，那么实际问的是总论点
知识点二
- gold rush 淘金热 [固定搭配]
- rush n. 盲目的不理性的狂热
- the rush to go abroad 出国热
- the rush to learn English 学英语热
- the rush to put computers in the classroom 多媒体教学热
- Wall Street 华尔街
- (Which is) happening in …… 发生在……情况下
- happening in the $4 million to $10 million range 发生在四百万到一千万的范围内
- predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses
- feed v. 喂养；输送
- which is fed by
- bonus 红利，股息
- Wall Street bonuses 华尔街的分红
- predominant adj. 起主导作用的，占据支配地位的
- play a predominant role 扮演支配地位的角色；起到支配作用的
- mostly = mainly = chiefly = primarily 主要地
- In Shanghai, an average student spends $150 each week, predominantly fed by the family. 在上海，每周学生平均消费达到了 $150，大多都依靠父母资助。
- broker n. 经纪人；中介
- break 打碎，打破
- break the silence
- break the record
知识点三
- rise v./n.上涨
- even as the frenzied overbidding quiets 即使当疯狂竞标安静下来
- overbid v. 过高出价
- quiet adj. 安静的 v. 偃旗息鼓，安静下来
- frenzied = crazy 狂热的
知识点四
阅读知识
- 本段论据是为了说明房价稳定，人民认为他们的财产仍然保有好的价值
- The reasons of consumers not panicked / in despair
句十四：And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job
知识点一
- feel pretty comfortable about one’s ability to do sth 对自己某方面的能力很有把握
句十五：Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown.
知识点一
- folk music 民间音乐
- folk dance 民间舞蹈
- traditional folk art 传统民间艺术
- paper-cutting is one of the most popular traditional folk art. 剪纸是最流行的传统民间艺术之一
- folk 人们；民间的
- [sliver lining](#silver lining) 好事，好运 ==谚语延伸词==
- sliver 银
- Every cloud has its silver lining. 每一片乌云都有一条银边
句十六：Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market
知识点一
知识点二
- 雇主们不会介意职业市场中的更少的泡沫了
- employer 雇主
- employee 雇员
- bubbles in the job market 人才市场中的泡沫
- 经济情况向好时，雇员对工薪要求就高了，职场泡沫就变大了
- a little (修饰比较级) 一点点
- a litter + 比较级
- little brother is a little taller than elder brother 更高一点点
- … much taller than …. 高多了
- … far taller than …. 高的多了去了
拓展知识
- Tsinghua Bear
- Tsinghua University
- Peking University
- 除上面的特殊英语标识，其他都直接用Beijing
句十七： Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.
翻译：许多消费者在股市波动中受到影响，但对于某些投资者来说，股市波动是一个经济持久发展的重要组成部分
知识点一
- stock-market swings 股市下滑，股市波动
- stock-market 股市
- swing = fluctuation下滑；波动
- benefit n. / v. 利益，好处；v. 收益
- view as 视为……
- a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom 一个经济的持久繁荣的重要组成部分
- ingredient = element = component = part n. 成分，组成部分
- necessary ingredient 重要组成部分
- a sustained boom 持久的繁荣
- boom 繁荣，高速发展
- economic boom 经济繁荣
- birth boom 婴儿潮，生育高峰期
句十八：Diners might see an upside, too.
知识点一
- diner 吃货
- upside = silver linings 正面，好的一面
- every coin has two sides 每个硬币都有两面
- downside 背面，不好的一面
- see an upside, too 与[句十四](#句十四：Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown.)的silver linings遥相呼应。
句十九：Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore.
翻译：在曼哈顿的火热的新开的XXX餐厅吃上一桌，在过去是不可能的. 而现在不一样了
知识点一
- 动名词短语做主语
- 可以做主语的成分有七种
- 动名词短语 -ing、不定式短语 to do
- 从句
- It做形式主语
- 名词或名词词组
- 代词或代词词组
- the + 形容词
- used to 过去曾是
知识点二
- Not anymore = Not any longer= No longer = No more不再这样了
句二十：For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.
翻译：对于这样一种局面，格林斯潘和他的朋友们真值得好好长出一口气，庆祝一番
知识点一
- Greenspan & Co.
- Greenspan and Companies
- 格林斯潘和他的同事们，指代中央银行的银行家们
- toast n. 干杯 n. 吐司 v. 烤
题目
- 题一
- 题二
- 题三
- 题四
- Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?
- [silver lining](#silver lining)
- They would benefit in certain ways 他们会在某处获益
- The stock market shows signs of recovery 股票市场显示出复苏的迹象
- Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom 这种经济的减速通常出现在经济繁荣之前
- precede 早于…之前发生
- Ming dynasty preceded Qing dynasty.
- The purchasing power would be enhanced 购买力将会提升
- purchasing power 购买力
- enhance 提升
- 题五
总结知识点：
前两段的内容
第三段的内容：解释现状的原因，主题：reason of consumers’ not being desperate
第四段的内容：做总结
- 前文谈到经济下滑，中央银行感受到紧张，此处通过对普通人的生活状态和对未来的期待表示他们对未来仍充满期望，让中央银行的人值得放松一下值得庆祝庆祝（不幸中的万幸）。
拓展知识
- single 单一的；单身的
- remedy n. / v.疗法；治疗；方法；解决办法
- medicine n. 药；医学
- recover v. 恢复
- caution 小心；谨慎
- panic 恐慌
商业经济类 篇二
句一：Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?
知识点一
- 设问句可以使用在写作中
- could ….. be about to return?
- 情态动词
- be about to = be going to = be to = will = shall将要
- return 回来；再现
- the bad old days 以前的艰难日子
- the good old days 以前的美好日子
- the bad old days of starving / food shortage 以前那段饥荒的糟糕日子
句二：Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.
知识点一
- since 时间状语
- OPEC 欧佩克 原油输出国组织
- Oil Petroleum Export Cooperation
- agree to sth. 同意某事
- supply-cuts 供应削减
- supply n. v. 供应
- demand n. v. 需求
- march n.行军 / March 三月
知识点二
- the price of crude oil has jump to almost $26 a barrel 原油价格飙升至接近每桶26美元
- crude oil 原油
- crude rubber 天然橡胶
- crude 未经加工的，未经开发的
- the new, crude continent 未经开发的新大陆
- crude approach 粗放型的方法
- intensive approach 深入细致的方法
- barrel 桶
知识点三
- (which is) up from less than $10 last December 从去年十月的十美元上涨而来
句三：This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled.
知识点一
- this near-tripling calls up scary memories. 接近三倍的上涨唤醒了痛苦的回忆
- double vt. 翻倍，翻一番
- triple vt. 三倍于
- call up one’s scary memory 唤醒某人可怕的回忆
- scar 伤疤
- scared 害怕的
- scary memory 痛苦的回忆
- memory 记忆；回忆
- oil shock 油荒 / 油价震荡
- oil shortage 石油短缺
- shock n. v. 休克；震惊；震荡
- labor shock 用工荒
- electricity shock 电荒
- coal shock 煤荒
句四：Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline
知识点一
句五： So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
知识点一
- headline = report = story = coverage媒体报道，头条
- (which are) warning of gloom and doom 对困难状况的提醒
- gloom n. 郁闷
- doom v. / n. 宿命，命定
- warn 提醒
- warn sb. of bad days / gloom and doom 提醒某人糟糕的日子即将来临
- possible accidents 可能的意外
- every disaster 各种灾害
- warning 警示，警告，提醒
句六：The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.
本周伊拉克停止石油出口后，石油价格又一次被推动上扬。
知识点一
- suspend oil exports 停止石油出口
- suspend v. 停止；吊销
- the police has suspended his driving permit 警察吊销了他的执照
- In dreams, logic is suspended. 在梦中，思考停止了。
- push up 上涨
- the oil price was given another push up this week 本周石油价格又一次被推动上扬。
- be given push up 上涨
句七：Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term
随着北半球进入严冬，加强经济发展将在短期内继续推高油价
知识点一
- in the short term 短期内
- strengthen v. 加强；加快；提高
- strengthen the party’s leadership 加强那个党的领导力
- strengthen economic growth 加快经济发展
知识点二
- at the same time 同时
- as winter grips the northern hemisphere 随着北半球进入严冬
- as 随着…
- grip 抓牢，紧握
- grape 葡萄
- grope 摸索
- we had been groping in the dark for decades.(centuries) 我们已经在黑暗中摸索了数十年.(数百年)
- hemisphere 半球
- the northern hemisphere 北半球
- the eastern hemisphere 东半球
句八：Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s.
知识点一
知识点二
- There are good reasons to expects …
- 总论句，意味着后面即将出现分论点
- 目前有几个好现象预示着某事（总论点）
句九：In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s.
知识点一
- In most countries[,] 引导成分
- account for = count for = make up 占…比例
- account for under 70 percent 占据不到70%
- make up 20% and 5% respectively 分别占据20%和5%
- account for under/over 70% 占不到/超过70%
- share 份，份额，股份，股票n. ; 分享，共有 v.；
- a smaller share of sth. than … 更小的份额
句十：In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
前句的延续补充，举例解释
- quite big change in the price of crude
- have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
- muted 无效的
- effect = influence = impact
- more … than 【比较】
- the pump price = the retail price of petrol 汽油零售价
- pump 泵
- the pump price 油枪上标的价格 => 汽油零售价
习题二
- It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramaically if ____
- infer 推导
- retail price 零售价
- go up dramatically 剧烈上升
- commodity price 物价
- commodity 物品
- Guangzhou Export Commodities Fair
句十一：Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.
知识点一
- Rich economies 发达经济体
- A be less dependent on sth than B.
- depend / rely on = be dependent / reliant on
- sb. be less sensitive to swings in the oil price. 对石油价格的波动敏感度降低了。
- swing 波动 n. / v.
- shock 震荡 n. / v.
- change 变化 n. / v.
句十二：Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.
知识点一
- Energy conservation 节能
- conservation 环保
- conservation measures 环境保护的措施
- a shift to other fuels 寻求其他能源的替代
- fuel n. 燃料; v. 助长；促进
- Sharing needles fuels AIDs diffusion 共用注射器助长了艾滋病的扩散。
- Confucius travel around the several countries to diffuse the confucism, which confuse the foreigners when they try to conprehend it. 孔夫子周游列国去传播儒家思想，外国人一读就感到困惑。
- a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries 重工业，能源密集型行业重要性的下降
- energy-intensive industries 能源密集型行业
- energy-dependent 依赖能源的
- textile industry 纺织行业
- auto industry 汽车行业
- heavy industries 重工业
- consumption 消耗；消费
句十三：Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.
- software 软件
- consultancy 顾问工作
- mobile telephones 移动电话
- far less than 远远小于
- use far less oil than 石油使用远小于…
- steel 钢铁
句十四：For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973.
头韵：facts and figures
尾韵：gloom and doom
在阅读中，遇到数字可以略过
句十五：The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.
- the oil import bill 石油进口订单
- bill 账单；法案
- billion 十亿
- million 百万
- estimate 预估
- outlook 观点，看法
句十六：That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980.
句十七：On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies — to which heavy industry has shifted — have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.
- seriously = severely 严重地
- squeezed 缩减的
- oil-importing emerging economies 石油进口新兴经济体
- shift 接班，接替
句十八：One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand
One more reason (插入语) is that 分论点引出句
not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices 不为油价上涨而失眠 【主题】
unlike the rises in the 1970s 不同于20世纪70年代的两次上涨【插入语】
it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand 此次并未发生在（这样的）经济背景下
- occur = happen = take place 发生
- against 经常是完形填空的正确答案
- general commodity-price inflation 普遍的物价上涨
- global excess demand 全球的过量需求
句十九：A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.
- a sizable portion of the world = a large part of the world 世界的大部分
- emerge 出现
- emerge from
- emerge from economic decline 从经济衰退走出来
- emerge from the recession 从【特指的某次经济衰退】走出来
- emerging countries 新兴国家
- emerging economies 新兴经济体
句二十：The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.
论据
- index 指数
- broadly = generally 广泛地
题目
- 题一
- the main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ____?
- the latest news 最新消息
- latest 最新，最近
- the latest development 最新进展，最新动态
- global inflation 全球通货膨胀
- reduction in supply 供给削减
- 开头段 第一个原因：Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March.
- fast growth in economy 经济的快速增长
- Iraq’s suspension of exports 伊拉克的出口停止
- 第二个原因，但不是主要原因
- 第三个原因，strengthening economic growth.
- 第四个原因：the winter grips the northern hemisphere.
- 题二
- 题三
- The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ____
- fluctuating = swing v. 波动
- manufacture 制造
- factory 工厂
- manufacturer 制造商
- manufacturing date 生产日期
- 题四
- We can draw a conclusion from the text that ____
- 题五
- From the text we can see that the writer seems ____
- optimistic 乐观
- sensitive 敏感
- gloomy 迷茫
- scared 害怕
商业经济类 篇三
尝试不分句子，更快速的将知识点总结起来
节1
- 在写作文的时候可以多加逗号，将多个句子拼成一个长难句，分数较高。下列为一些成分做插入语
- 现在分词短语
- 过去分词短语
- 不定式短语
- 形容词短语
- 介词短语
- 从句
- 独立主格结构 做状语从句
- 名词短语 做同位语
- railroads 可以翻译为多个铁路公司
- combine v. 并购，合并 = merge = acquire
- combine with 与…合并
- merge into 合并形成…
- combination n. 合并，并购 = merger = acquisition = concentration = consolidation
- incorporate v. 并入，纳入
- affiliate v. 使隶属
- affiliate with / to 归属于；属于
- causing heightened concerned about … 引起人们高度关切某事
- monopoly n. 垄断
- In recent years, youngsters have been addicted to the Web, causing heightened concerns about Internet addiction.
- 在文中，首句出现In recent year, 后面又出现了 As recently as 1995 和 Next year, 很明显后面两句是论据，可以不用看。
- As recently as 2020， … 在2020年（适用于最近几年）
- account for 占…比例
- the top four banks 前四大银行
- the top students 尖子生
- the top four students 前四名
- the total ton-miles 运输总量
- the totla ton-miles (which were) moved by rails 铁路运输总量
- rail n. 轨；道
- please hold the handrail 请抓牢扶手
- a series of 一系列的
- feight n. 运费；运输
- fare n. 票价
- insurance n. 保险
- cost n. 成本
- CIF 到岸价（cost，insurance，feight）
- major rail carriers 主要铁路运营商
- complete v. 完成 = finish
- complete the following tasks
- complete a series of mergers
节2
argue = claim = assert = hold = contend v. 认为
supporters of the reform 改革的支持者
those [who come from the South] 那些…样的人
allow for A and B 使A和B成为可能
benefit n. 利益，好处
substantial cost reductions 大幅的成本削减
- reduce v. 减少
- substantial adj. 大量的
better coordinated services 更好的协调服务
Any threat of monopoly is removed by fierce competition from trucks 垄断的威胁被激烈竞争给移除了
threat n. 威胁
remove v. 消除；切除
- remove barriers to trade 消除贸易壁垒
- cateracts can be removed in a 30-minute surgery.
truck n. 卡车
- trick n. 花招，伎俩，手段
- track n. 轨道；路；径
节3
- shipper n. （运输企业的）客户
- ship n. 船
- boat n. 小舟
- vessel n. 大船
- shopper n. 顾客
- complain v. 抱怨；认为
- for ___ , 对 … 来说, …
- for chinese, Taiwan is more than an island. 对中国人来说，台湾不只是一个岛而已
- commodity n. 物品，商品
- commodity price inflation 物价飞涨
- bulk adj. 大量的，大宗的
- grain n. 谷物，粮食
- coal n. 煤炭
- chemical n. 化学制品；药品 adj. 化学的
- chemistry n. 化学
- chemist n. 化学家
- commodity which are traveling long distance 需要长途运输的商品
- costly = expensive adj. 昂贵的
- acquisition = concentration = consolidation = merger = combination n. 并购
- 题一：According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because 支持并购者不可能是因为…
- impossible = unlikely adj. 不可能的
- A. cost reduction is based on competition. 基于竞争的支出削减
- base on 基于
- compete v. 竞争
- competition n. 竞争
- competitor n. 竞争者
- B. services call for cross-trade coordination. 服务需要跨行业协调
- C. outside competitors will continue to exist. 外部竞争者将会持续出现
- D. shippers will have the railway by the throat. 铁路将遭遇海运的威胁
- have sb. by the throat 扼住某人的咽喉
- I will have the fate by the throat!
- throat n. 咽喉
- neck n. 脖子
- vast = massive adj. 大规模的
- the massive m&a(merger and acquisition) wave 大规模并购浪潮
- the vast majority of people are supporters. 绝大多数人是支持者
- In the past 70 years = Within the previous seven decades 过去的七十年里
- industry n. （工业）行业
- trade n. 行业
- cross-trade 跨行业
- cross-strait dialogue 两岸对话
- business n. （工商业）行业
- the rail industry 、 the auto industry 、the textile industry
- generally = typically adv. 通常地，往往
- charge v. 收费；充值；充电；加油；加气
- captive n. 俘虏
- captive shippers 没有选择权的客户
- Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.
- right and obligation 权利和义务
- rate relief 降低费率
- sb. have the right to appeal to the board for sth. 某人有权利上诉至委员会请求某事
- board n. 委员会，董事会；板；v. 上车
- boarding gate 登机门
- boarding time 登记时间
- It’ works! 它奏效了！
- 题二：What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
- indifference n. 漠不关心
- indignation n. 愤慨
商业经济类 篇四
尝试直接放弃解析阅读内容，直接记长难句和单词语法的要点
节1
- 大写的内容要么是开头，要么就是人名或地名
- William Shakespeare 莎士比亚
- industry 产业
- banking industry
- newspaper industry
- 双破折号结构 用于插入语
- 情态动词替换 也可以做插入语
- may = might = seem to = appear to = tend to
- must = have to
- should = ought to
- as we all know = as is known to all 总所周知 用于插入语
- 阅读技巧：长难句简单化
- distinctly separate 明显不和的
- the weak 弱者
- bully v./n. 欺凌
- increasingly hostile 敌视激增的
- hostile adj. 敌对的，不友好的
- hostility n. 敌意
- express one’s hostility 表达某人的敌意
- host n. 主人
- hostess n. 女主人
- 阅读中-ly结尾的单词一般可以不看，也就是副词基本可以快速略过
- branch 分支
- royal adj. 皇室的
- loyal adj. 忠诚的
- 翻译中应该按照新华社的翻译将人名和公司名翻译成中文
- pre==’==sent v. 出演 (发音不同)
- ==’==present adj. 出席的，在场的 n. 现在
- superb adj. 高超的
- playhouse = theatre = theater 剧院
- 写作中，使用从句将单句变成长难句
- passers-by 过客
- see / look
- see the plays 看戏剧
- look at the sea
- look at the sight
- cottage n. 茅屋
- sight n. 景点
- sightseers = tourists =travelers n. 观光客
- sightseeing bus 观光巴士
- sightseeing boat 观光船
长难句
长难句一：语法
- 系动词 be
- 系表结构：am, is, are, was, were 后面跟着的无论是名词还是介词短语，都被称为表语
- 主语
- 名词，名词词组
- Reform has been strongly opposed.
- oppose vt. 反对
- strongly adv.
- -ly 基本都是副词后缀
- I am strongly convinced that 观点.
- Ellen Maren quit a decade ago.
- a decade ago
- decade 十年
- century 百年，世纪
- take off 激增
- Over the past four decades, 过去四十年
- 时间状语，状语是修饰成分，非主干
- quit = resign = depart = leave v. 辞职
- Doctor Yale note …
- Bankers have been blaming oneself for their troubles in public.
- have been -ing 现在完成进行时
- blame v. 责备
- blame sb. for sth. 因为某事责怪某人
- in public 在公开场合
- Man go to war and be exposed to stress.
- be exposed to 置身于…之下
- stress n. 压力
- It’s experience demonstrate the importance of doing sth.
- experience n. 经历，经验；v. 经历
- demonstrate = suggest = show = indicate = reveal = manifest v. 显示，表明
- deal with = cope with = handle 应对，对付（找到方法来应对）
- diffuse stress 排解压力
- diffuse v.传播；排解
- the diffusion of printing 印刷术的传播
- aimless 漫无目的的，茫然迷茫的
- aimlessness n. 漫无目的
- aim 目标
- 代词，代词词组
- 不定式，不定式词组
- 动名词，动名词词组
- it做形式主语
- 从句
- the+形容词
- 大部分的句子都需要有主语
- 时间状语
课外阅读
Literature can help, because in many cases, it knows us better than we know ourselves and provides us with an account, more accurate than any we might have been capable of, of what is likely to be going on in our minds.
- 而书籍可以帮助我们，因为在很多例子中，它比我们自己更加了解我们，以及它能够提供给我们一个——比其他任何我们以为有能力的依据更具准确性的——对我们脑海中可能发生的事的解释。
- provide us with an account 为我们提供一个解释/概述
The writer’s work is merely a kind of optical instrument which he offers to the reader to enable him to discern what, without this book, he would perhaps never have experienced in himself.
- 作家的作用可以看成是一种视觉性乐器，提供读者能够看清那些若不读这本书则可能永远无法经历的事物。
- discern 看清
Every great writer can be hailed as an explorer.
- 每一个读者都可以被称颂为是一名探索者
- hail v. 来自；称颂；
- be hailed as 被称颂为
- ride hailing 网约车
An effect of reading a book which has devoted attention to noticing faint yet vital tremors.
- 阅读书籍时带来的那些只有倾注身心才能关注得到的微小但深刻的感触
- devote 倾注
- devote attention to >= pay attention to
- faint 细小的
- vital 至关重要的
- tremor 颤栗；震动
once we’ve put the volume down and resumed our own life, we can attend to precisely the things which the author would have responded to had he or she been in our company.
- 当我们放下书卷回归生活时，我们将精准地注意到那些原本作者才会给予回应的事物，如同有作者陪伴在旁一般。
- once 当…
- volume 音量；(书)卷
- resume v. 重新开始；恢复；返回；n. 简历
- precisely 精准地
Our attention will be drawn to the shades of the sky, to the changeability of a face, to the hypocrisy of a friend, or to a submerged sadness about a situation which we had previously not even known we could feel sad about, which is why Ralph Waldo Emerson proposed: ‘In the minds of geniuses, we find – again – our own neglected thoughts.’
- 我们的目光将会聚焦至蔚蓝天空中的阴影角落，某副面孔的变化无常，至亲好友的虚伪假面，或是曾无可理解的那些隐秘伤痛。这也是为什么Ralph Waldo Emerson曾如此说：“在聪慧者的知识殿堂内，我们就可找回那些被我们遗忘的思索。”
- be drawn to 聚焦至
- changeability 多变的
- hypocrisy 虚伪
- submerged 潜在的；水下的
名人名言：I have lived a thousand lives and I’ve loved a thousand loves. I’ve walked on distant worlds and seen the end of time. Because I read. ——George R.R. Martin, author, Game of Thrones fantasy series
- Students Set up App for Stray Cats on Campus
- 大学学生上线针对流浪猫的一款APP
- stray 流浪的，孤独的
- How British Farmers Are Diversifying
- 英国农民如何进行多样化(开发)?
- diversify 使多样化
- the farmer turns to other forms of income outside the sphere of traditional farming practices
- outside the sphere of traditional farming practices 在传统农业尝试过的领域外
- if you fancy making cheese, picking cherries or smoking fish, you can head down to a farm to learn a new skill.
- 如果你热爱制作奶酪，摘樱桃或者烟熏鱼，你可以走进一个农场来学习某一门新爱好。
- head down to (谦逊地)走进某处
- bed down in 睡在某处
- farmers are now branching out from traditional crops into wildflower seed production and essential oil crops.
- 农民们正从传统的农作物开始拓展业务到野花种子生产和香精油作物。
- branch out from … into …从某事拓展分支到某事
- livestock 牲畜
- herd 兽群；人群
- trek 长途跋涉
